Composite Design (Ladder and Grid Frame)

Some bus types also benefit from combinations of grid frame and ladder frame design. This enables the front section to the rear axle of urban buses to be designed as a grid frame and the area behind the rear axle as a ladder frame. The middle section of coaches can be in a grid frame, for as large a luggage compartment as possible, combined with front and rear components in a ladder frame. Many 2- and 3-axle buses with masses of about 10 to 24 tons are based on an interconnected frame construction. Other means of assembling the bus bodywork are integral design, semi-integral design and ladder frame design.